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Project Blue Book

Previous projects
Public USAF UFO Studies first began under Project Sign at the end of 1947, after numerous reports widely UFO dissemination (see Kenneth Arnold). Signs specifically initiated at the request of General Nathan Twining, chief of the Air Force Materiel Command Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Wright-Patterson also had to be the home of the Signature Project and all subsequent official USAF investigation public.
Sign was officially inconclusive about the cause of the sightings. However, according to U.S. Air Force Captain Edward J. Ruppelt (the first director of Project Blue Book), the estimate entering initial intelligence (so-called Estimate of the Situation), written in the late summer of 1948, concluded that flying saucers were craft real, not made by either the Russians or the U.S., and probably of extraterrestrial origin. (See also the extraterrestrial hypothesis.) This estimate was forwarded the Pentagon, but subsequently ordered destroyed by Gen. Hoyt Vandenberg, USAF Chief of Staff, citing a lack of physical evidence. Vandenberg later Sign Project dismantled.
Project Sign was succeeded in late 1948 by Project Grudge, which has a mandate to discredit. Ruppelt referred to the era of Project Grudge as the "dark ages" of the early USAF UFO investigation. The Grudge concluded that all UFOs are natural phenomena or other errors of interpretation, but noted that 23 percent of the reports could not be explained.
Project Blue Book
The captain was Ruppelt
According to Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, in late 1951, several high-ranking USAF influential generals were so dissatisfied with the status of Air Force UFO Research Project Grudge dismantled and replaced with Project Blue Book in early 1952. One of these men was Gen. Charles P. Cabell. Another important change occurred when General William Garland joined the staff of Cabell, Garland thought the issue deserves a serious examination of the UFO, because he had witnessed a UFO.
The new name, Project Blue Book, was selected to refer to the blue booklets used for testing at some colleges and universities. The name was inspired, he said Ruppelt, for the attention that senior officials were giving the new project, but felt as if the study of UFOs is as important as the final examination of a university. Blue Book was also upgraded the status of the Project Grudge, with the creation of the Branch aerial phenomenon.
Ruppelt was the first project manager. He was an experienced aviator, having been decorated for his work with the Army Air Corps during World War II, and after obtained a degree in aeronautics. Officially coined the term "unidentified flying objects" in place of the many terms ("dish Flying "" flying disk "and so on) the military had previously used; Ruppelt thought that" unidentified flying object " was a more neutral and accurate. Ruppelt resigned from the Air Force a few years later, and wrote the book The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects, describing the study of UFOs by the United States Air Force from 1947 to 1955. Swords writes, "Ruppelt take the last genuine effort to analyze UFOs. "
Ruppelt implemented a number of changes: It has streamlined the way it was reported that UFOs (and) military officials, partly in the hope to alleviate the stigma and ridicule associated with UFO witnesses. Ruppelt also ordered the development of a standard questionnaire to UFO witnesses, hoping to discover information that could be subject to statistical analysis. He commissioned the Battelle Memorial Institute to create the questionnaire and computerize the data. Using case reports and computerized data, Battelle then a great scientific and statistical study of all UFO cases of the Air Force, completed in 1954 and known as "Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14 "(see summary below).
Knowing that factionalism had harmed the progress of Project Sign, Ruppelt did everything effort to prevent speculation on the types of open-ended which had led to staff being split into between the proponents and critics of the hypothesis alien. Michael Hall writes, "not only Ruppelt took the job seriously but expected his staff to do the same. If someone under his command became either too skeptical or too convinced of a particular theory, he soon found out the project. "In his book, Ruppelt reported that fired three staff members early in the project because they were "too pro" or "too much with him" hypotheis either. Ruppelt sought the advice of many scientists and experts, and regularly issued press releases (along with classified monthly reports for military intelligence).
Each Air Force Base U.S. officer had a blue book to collect UFO reports and forward them to Ruppelt. For most Ruppelt tenure, he and his team were allowed to interview any and all military personnel who witnessed the UFO, and they were not obliged to follow the chain of command. This unprecedented authority stressed the seriousness of the Research Blue Book.
Under the direction of Ruppelt, Blue Book investigated several well-known UFO cases, including the so-called Lubbock Lights, and wide publicity 1952 radar / visual on the case of Washington DC. According to Jacques Vallee, Ruppelt has taken the lead, closely followed by further investigations Blue Book of not seriously considering the numerous reports of UFO landings and / or interaction with the alleged UFO occupants.
Astronomer Dr. J. Allen Hynek was a consultant project scientist, as he had been with projects Sign and Grudge. He worked for the project to its completion and at first created the ranking that has expanded and is now known as close encounters. He was a skeptic when it started, but said his feelings changed to a more hesitant skepticism during the investigation, after meeting with some reports of UFOs he thought were inexplicable.
Blue Book Ruppelt left in February 1953 for a temporary reassignment. Returned A few months later to find his small staff of more than ten years, two subordinates. Frustrated, Ruppelt suggested that an air defense command unit (The 4602nd Air Intelligence Service Squadron) to bear UFO investigations.
Robertson panel
Main article: Robertson Panel
In July 1952 after an accumulation of hundreds of sightings in recent months, a series of radar detections coincident with visual observations were observed near National Airport Washington, DC (see 1952 in Washington DC UFO incident). And 2008 future Arizona Senator John McCain is accused of being one of those witnesses [citation needed].
After much publicity, these observations led to the Central Intelligence Agency to create a group of scientists headed by Dr. HP Robertson, a physicist California Institute of Technology, which included different physical, meteorologists and engineers, and an astronomer (Hynek). The committee met Robertson the first January 14, 1953 to formulate a response to overwhelming public interest in UFOs.
Ruppelt, Hynek and others presented the best evidence, including material movie file, which had been collected by the Blue Book. After spending 12 hours reviewing six years of data, the committee concluded that the majority Robertson of UFO reports have prosaic explanations, and all can be explained by further research, not considered worth the effort.
In its final report insisted that low-grade, impossible to verify reports of UFOs overhead intelligence channels, with the risk of losing a real threat to the U.S. conventional By It is therefore recommended the Air Force to reduce the importance of the subject of UFOs and undertake a smear campaign to diminish the public interest. Suggested debunkery through the media, including The Walt Disney Company, and the use of psychologists, astronomers, and famous for ridiculing the phenomenon and propose prosaic explanations. Moreover, civilian UFO groups "should be monitored for potentially large influence on the apparent mass thinking irresponsibility and possible use of those groups subversive purposes should be taken into account. "
It is the conclusion of many researchers that the Robertson Panel recommended the control of public opinion through a program of official propaganda and espionage. They also believe that these recommendations helped shape the Air Force policy on UFO study only immediately after, but also today. There is evidence that the Panel's recommendations are carried out at least two decades after its conclusions were issued (see main article for details and quotes).
In December 1953, joint Army-Navy-Air Force Regulation No. 146 was a crime for military personnel to discuss classified UFO reports to unauthorized persons. Violators face up to two years imprisonment and / or fines up to $ 10,000.
Consequences of the Robertson panel
In his book (see external links) Ruppelt described the demoralization of the staff of Blue Book and dispossession of their duties after the Robertson Panel. As an immediate consequence of the Robertson Panel's recommendations, in February 1953, the Air Force issued Regulation 200-2, commanding officers of air bases to discuss publicly the UFO incidents only if they are deemed to have been resolved, and classify all the unsolved cases to keep them out of the eye public.
That same month, the research mission began to be assumed by the newly formed 4602nd Air Intelligence Squadron (AISS), Air Defense Command. 4602nd ISSA was to investigate only the most important UFO cases with intelligence or national security. These were deliberately diverted away from the Blue Book leaving Blue Book to deal with more trivial reports.
General Nathan Twining, who managed to get the project started in 1947, was now the Air Force Chief Cabinet. In August 1954, was more than codify the responsibilities of the ISSA 4602nd by issuing an update of the Air Force Regulation 200-2. In addition, UFOs (called "UFOBs) is defined as" any object in the air for performance, aerodynamic characteristics, or unusual features, does not conform to existing aircraft known or missile type, or can not be positively identified as a familiar object. "Investigation of UFOs, said that national security purposes and to determine "the technical aspects." AFR 200-2 declared again that the Blue Book UFO cases could speak with the media only if they were considered to have a conventional explanation. If they were identified, the media was only to be told that the situation was being analyzed. Blue Book was also ordered to reduce the number of unidentified to a minimum.
All this was done in secret. The public face of the Blue Book remained the official Air Force investigation of UFOs, but the reality was that it was essentially reduced to doing very little serious investigation, and had become almost only one set of public relations with the mandate to discredit. To cite one example, in late 1956, the number of cases listed as unresolved had fallen to just 0.4 percent from the 20-30% had been a few years earlier.
Finally, Ruppelt requested reassignment to his departure in August 1953 staff has been reduced from more than ten (the precise number of staff varied) to two subordinates and himself. His temporary replacement was a noncommissioned officer. Most of those what happened in the Blue Book and is the director described the apathy or open hostility to the subject of UFOs, or were hampered by lack of funding and government support.
UFO researchers tend to consider that Ruppelt brief stint in the Blue Book as the highest water mark of the Air Force investigation of UFOs public when UFO investigations were treated seriously and had the high-level support. Thereafter, the Project Blue Book descended into a new Dark Ages of which many UFO investigators argue that never came out. However, Ruppelt later came to embrace the Blue Book perspective there was nothing extraordinary about of UFOs, even described the theme of "Space Age Myth."
The captain was Hardin
In March 1954, Captain Charles Hardin was appointed head of Blue Book. However, most UFO investigations were carried out by the 4602nd, and Hardin had no objection. Ruppelt wrote that Hardin "thinks all that is still [interested in UFOs] is crazy. They took it. "
In 1955, the Air Force decided that the goal of the Blue Book should not be to investigate UFO reports, but instead of reducing the number of reports of unidentified UFOs to a minimum. In late 1956, the number of sightings had dropped from unidentifed 20-25% of the age Ruppelt, less than 1%.
The captain was Gregorio
Captain George T. Gregory took over as director in 1956 Blue Book. Clark writes that Gregory led the Blue Book "in one direction even more firmly against the apathetic UFO Hardin." The 4602nd was dissolved, and the Air Intelligence Service 1066th Squadron was charged with UFO research.
In fact, there was actually little or no investigation of UFO reports, emphasized in a review AFR 200-2 issued during the reign of Gregory that unidentified UFO reports should be reduced to a minimum.
One way that Gregory has reduced the number of UFOs was not explained simple reclassification. "The potential" became "probable" and "probable" cases were upgraded to certainties. With this logic, a comet comet became possible to probable, while a comet stated flatly probably have been a comet misidentified. Similarly, if a witness reported an observation of an object in a globe, usually blue book classifies him as a balloon, without screening and qualification. These procedures became standard for most subsequent research Blue Book, see comments below Hynek.
The staff was friendly
Mayor Robert J. Friend was appointed head of the Blue Book in 1958. Friend made some attempts to reverse the direction of the Blue Book had taken since 1954. Clark writes that " Your friend's efforts to update the catalog files and sightings according to various statistics noted were frustrated by a lack of funding and assistance. "
Encouraged by the efforts of his friend, Hynek organized the first of several meetings between staff members and Blue Book ATIC staff in 1959. Hynek suggested Some older UFO reports should be reevaluated, with the ostensible aim of moving from the "unknown" to "determined" category. Hynek plans came to nothing.
During the tenure of his friend, ATIC plans to spend the supervision of the blue book to another agency of the Air Force, but neither the Air Research and Center Development, or the Information Office for the Secretary of the Air Force was interested.
In 1960, there were hearings in U.S. Congress regarding UFOs. Civil UFO research group NICAP had publicly accused of covering up UFO Blue Book tests, and had also acquired a few allies in the U.S. Congress. Blue Book was investigated by Congress and the CIA with particularly criticsost civilian UFO group NICAP stating that Blue Book was missing as a scientific study. In response, ATIC added staff (total staff increase of three military personnel, plus civilian secretaries) and the budget increase Blue Book. This seemed to calm some of the critics Blue Book, but that was only temporary. A few years later (see below), criticism would be even stronger.
In the time it was moved in 1963 Blue Book, Blue Book friend thought it was really useless and should be dissolved, but caused an outcry among the public.
The era of Quintanilla Higher
Major Hector Quintanilla took over as leader of the Blue Book in August 1963. He largely followed the efforts to discredit, and it was under his direction Blue Book was that some of his sharpest criticism. UFO researcher Jerome Clark he writes that, for once, the Blue Book had "lost all credibility."
The physicist and UFO researcher Dr. James E. McDonald, once stated flatly that Quintanilla was not "competent" or a scientist or a point of view of research. However, Quintanilla McDonald also noted that "should not be responsible for him," as chosen by their position by a superior officer, and followed the orders in the direction of Blue Book.
Explanations Blue Book of UFO reports were not universally accepted, however, and critics including some scientists suggested that Project Blue Book was dedicated to research questionable or worse, abetting the perpetration. This criticism grew particularly strong and widespread in the 1960s.
Take, for example, the numerous UFO reports especially during the night of the U.S. Midwest and Southeast in the summer of 1965: Witnesses in Texas reported "multicolored lights" and large aerial objects, or egg-shaped diamonds. The Oklahoma Highway Patrol said the Tinker Air Force Base (near Oklahoma City) had four UFO tracked simultaneously, and that several of them had fallen very quickly from about 22000 feet to 4000 feet in just seconds, an action far beyond the capabilities of conventional aircraft of the time. John Shockley, a meteorologist Wichita, Kansas, reported that, using weather radar officers located a series of strange aerial objects flying at altitudes between about 6000 and 9000 feet. These and other reports received wide publicity.
Project Blue Book officially determined the witnesses were mistaken Jupiter and bright stars (such as Rigel and Betelgeuse) for something else.
Blue Book explanation was widely criticized as inaccurate. Robert vertical, director of Science and Arts of Oklahoma Foundation Planetarium provides a strongly worded rebuke of Project Blue Book was widely circulated: the hat is so far from the truth as you can get. These stars and planets are on the opposite side of the land in Oklahoma City at this time of year. The Air Force should have had its star search backwards for the month of August. "
An editorial in the Richmond News Leader said "The attempts to dismiss the sightings reported in justification, as exhibited by the Project Bluebook (Sic) won to solve the mystery and only increases the suspicion that there is something out there that the Air Force does not want us to know ", while a UPI reporter for the Wichita-based stated that "ordinary radar picks up the planets and stars."
Another case that critics took was Blue Book called Portage County UFO Chase, which began at about 5:00 a.m., near Ravenna, Ohio on April 17, 1966. Police officers Spaur Dale and Wilbur Neff saw what described as a disc-shaped silver object with a bright light emanating from the bottom, about 1000 feet altitude. They began to follow the object (which was reported sometimes falls as low as 50 feet), and police from other jurisdictions participated in the persecution. The chase ended about 30 minutes later near Freedom, Pennsylvania, about 85 miles away.
The chase UFO made national news and the police submitted detailed reports to the Blue Book. Five days Later, after brief interviews with only one of the police (but none of the witnesses other reason), director of Blue Book, the largest Héctor Quintanilla announced their conclusions: The police (one of them an Air Force gunner during the Korean War) had first pursued a communications satellite, the planet Venus.
This conclusion was widely ridiculed, and was strongly rejected by the police. In his conclusion to the contrary, describes Hynek Blue Book absurd conclusions: in their reports, several of the police without knowing it, he described the Moon, Venus and the UFO, albeit unknowingly, describes Venus as a bright "star" very near the moon. Ohio Congressman, William Stanton, said "The Air Force has suffered a great loss of prestige in this community Once people responsible for public assistance and do not think people can handle the truth, then people will return, do not trust the government. "
In September 1968, Hynek received a letter from Colonel Raymond Sleeper of the Foreign Technology Division. Sleeper said Hynek had publicly accused Blue Book of the science of poor quality and, moreover, Hynek asked to offer advice on how Blue Book could improve its scientific methodology. Hynek was declared later that the letter Sleeper was the "first time in my 20 years association with the Air Force as a scientific consultant who had been formally requested to criticism and advice [on] the UFO problem. "
Hynek wrote a detailed response, dated October 7, 1968, which suggests several areas where Paper Blue could be improved. In part, wrote:
… none of the two missions of the Blue Book [whether UFOs are a threat to national security and scientific use data collected by Blue Book] are being properly executed.
The Blue Book staff, both in number and scientific training is completely inadequate …
Blue book suffers because it is a closed system … virtually no scientific dialogue between Blue Book and the scientific world outside …
Statistical methods employed by Blue Book is nothing less than a travesty.
There has been a lack of attention to important UFO cases … and too much time spent on routine cases … and peripherals public relations efforts. Concentration would be in two or three cases that could be significant scientific per month [instead of] a superficial analysis more than 40-70 cases per month.
The input to the Blue Book is large enough. An impossible burden is placed on blue book almost constant lack of staff UFO in the local air bases to deliver the right information …
The attitude and approach based in the Blue Book is illogical and unscientific …
Misuse Project had become a scientific consultant [Hynek himself]. Only cases that monitor the project considers worth being brought to its attention. Its scope of operation … has been constantly frustrated … It is often full of interesting cases only one or two months after receipt of Blue Book report.
Despite Sleeper request for criticism, none of the comments Hynek led to substantial changes in the Blue Book.
Quinatnilla own perspective on the project is documented in his manuscript, "UFOs, a dilemma of the Air Force. Lt. Col. Quintanilla wrote the manuscript in 1975 but not published until after his death. Quintanilla in the text states that he personally believes arrogant to think humans are the only intelligent life in the universe. However, although it was very likely that intelligent life exists beyond earth, that he had no concrete evidence of extraterrestrial visits.
The Condon Committee
Main article: Condon Committee
Blue Book Critics continued to grow until the mid-1960s. NICAP members of inflation to about 15,000, and group accused the U.S. Government with a cover of UFO evidence.
Following U.S. Congressional hearings, the Condon Committee was established in 1966, ostensibly as a neutral scientific research agency. However, the Committee was involved in controversy, with some members charging director Edward U. Condon to discrimination, and critics who question the validity and scientific rigor of the Condon Report.
Ultimately, the Condon Committee suggested that there was nothing extraordinary about UFOs and although he left an inexplicable case, research is not likely to produce significant results.
The End
In response to the conclusions of the Condon Committee, Air Force Secretary Robert C. Seamans, Jr. announced that Blue Book was closed soon, as more funding "can not be justified either for security reasons national or in the interest of science. "The last time publicly acknowledged days of Blue Book operations was December 17, 1969. However, the researcher Brad Sparks, citing the investigation into the May 1970 issue of NICAP UFO Investigator, reported that the last day of the activity was actually Blue Book January 30, 1970. According to Sparks, Air Force officials wanted to keep the Air Force's reaction to the UFO problem overlap at fourth decade, and therefore change The Blue Book closure date in official files.
Blue Book Archive files were sent to the Air Force Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama. David Shea was higher for then say that Maxwell was chosen because it was "accessible but not too attractive."
Ultimately, Project Blue Book stated that the observation UFO were generated as a result of:
A mild form of mass hysteria.
People who make such reports to perpetrate a hoax or seek publicity.
Psychopathological persons.
Misidentification of various conventional objects.
These findings directly contradict official's own manager American based Blue Book Special Report # 14. Psychological factors and deception in fact constituted less than 10% of cases and 22% of all sightings, in particular the best documented cases remain unresolved. (See below for details and Identified flying object.)
Since April 2003, the USAF has indicated publicly that no immediate plans to restore any government official curricula of UFOs.
USAF current official statement on UFOs
Below is the official statement from the U.S. Air Force about UFOs, as noted in the USAF Fact Sheet 95-03:
From 1947 to 1969, the Air Force investigated Unidentified Flying Objects under Project Blue Book. The project, headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, was terminated December 17, 1969. A 12 618 Total sightings reported to Project Blue Book, 701 remained "unidentified."
The decision to discontinue UFO investigations was based on an assessment of a report by the University of Colorado entitled "Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects," a review of the report University of Colorado by the National Academy of Sciences, previous studies of UFOs and Air Force experience investigating UFO reports during 1940-1969.
As a result of these investigations, studies and experience in investigating UFO reports since 1948, the conclusions of Project Blue Book were:
No UFO reported, investigated and evaluated by the Air Force has ever given any indication of threat to our national security.
There has been no evidence presented or discovered by the Force Air that sightings categorized as "unidentified" represented technological development or principles beyond the scope of the current knowledge scientist.
There has been no evidence indicating the sightings categorized as "unidentified" are extraterrestrial vehicles.
With the completion of Project Blue Book, the Air Force regulation establishing and controlling the program for investigating and analyzing UFOs was not lifted. Documentation regarding the former Blue Research Paper was transferred permanently to the Modern Military Branch, National Archives and Records Service, and is available for public review and analysis.
Since the termination of Project Blue Book, nothing has occurred to support the resumption of UFO investigations by the Air Force.
There are a number universities and professional scientific organizations that have considered UFO phenomena during periodic meetings and seminars. A list of private organizations in aerial phenomena may be found in "Encyclopedia of Associations", published by Gale Research. The interest and timely review of UFO reports by private groups ensures that sound evidence is not overlooked by the scientific community. People wishing to report UFO sightings contact agencies local law enforcement.
Post-Blue Book UFO activities USAF
An Air Force memo (released through the Freedom of Information Act) dated October 20, 1969 and signed by Brigadier General CH Bolander states that even after Blue Book was dissolved, that "reports of UFOs" will "be handled through the normal procedure of the Air Force designed for this purpose. "He also wrote Bolander," Reports of flying objects not identified that may affect national security are not part of the Blue Book. "To date, these channels research, organizations or groups are unknown.
In addition, Blum said that requests for Freedom of Information Act U.S. show that the Air Force has continued to catalog and track sightings UFOs, including a series of dozens of UFO encounters of the 1960s to mid-1970 that took place at U.S. military installations with nuclear weapons. Blum says some of these official documents differ significantly from the normally dry, bureaucratic language of government paperwork, making clear the sense of "terror" that these UFO events inspired many of the staff of the USAF.
Project Blue Book Report No. 14 Special
In late December 1951, Ruppelt met members of the Battelle Memorial Institute, a think tank based in Columbus, Ohio. Ruppelt wanted their experts to assist them in making the Air Force UFO study more scientific. It was the Battelle Institute that devised the standard form. From late March 1952, the Institute began analyzing the current reports of the observations and coding features about 30 report IBM punch cards for computer analysis.
Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14 was massive statistical analysis Blue Book case date, about 3,200 at the time the report was completed in 1954, after Ruppelt had left Blue Book. Even today, represents the largest ever undertaken. Battelle scientists employed four analysts, who try to divide cases into "Given Data," "unknown", and third category of "insufficient information." Also known data and unknown broke into four categories of quality, from excellent to poor. By example, the cases usually considered good witnesses could involve experienced as airline pilots or military personnel trained, multiple witnesses corroborating evidence such as radar contact or photographs, etc. For a case to be considered a "known" only two analysts had come to an agreement on a solution independently. However, for a case is called a "stranger", the four analysts agree. Thus, the criterion for an "unknown" was quite rigorous.
In addition, sightings have been attributed to different characteristics in six colors, number, duration of observation, the brightness, the shape and speed, then these characteristics were compared between the known and unknown data to see if there was a statistically significant difference.
The main results of the statistical analysis were:
About 69% of the cases were tried known or identified (38% were considered identified so conclusive while 31% were still "doubtful," he said), about 9% down on insufficient information. About 22% were classified as "unknown" from the previous value of 28% of the studies of the Air Force.
In the category known, 86% of the known facts were planes, balloons, or had explanations astronomical. Only 1.5% of cases were considered psychological or "nuts" of cases. A "Miscellaneous" category constituted 8% of cases and included jokes possible.
The higher the quality of the case was likely to be classified unknown. 35% of cases were considered excellent unknowns while only 18% of the poorest of the cases. This was the exact opposite outcome predicted by the skeptics, it is usually argued were more unknowns cases with poor quality unreliable witnesses that can be solved if only better information was available.
In the six characteristics studied observations, the unknowns were different from the known data at a statistically highly significant: in five of the six measures of the likelihood of data that differ from known unknowns by chance was only 1% or less. When the six characteristics were considered together, the probability of a match between the known and the unknown is less than one billion.
(More detailed statistics are available on identified flying objects.)
However, the summary section of the final report, Battelle Institute said it was "highly unlikely that any of the reports of unidentified aerial objects … represent the comments of technological developments outside the scope of current knowledge. "A number of researchers, including Dr. Bruce Maccabee, who extensively reviewed the data, have pointed out that the conclusions analysts usually against their own statistical results, displayed in 240 charts, tables, graphs and maps. Some analysts speculate that simply have struggled to accept the results or may have in writing the conclusions to meet the new political climate in the Blue Book after the Robertson Panel.
When the Air Force finally released the Special Report No. 14 in October 1955, the report claimed that UFOs scientifically proven that no existed. Critics of this claim note that the report actually showed that the "unknown" were clearly different from the known data "At a very high statistical significance. The Air Force also incorrectly claimed that only 3% of the cases studied were unknown, rather the current 22%. They further argued that the residual of 3%, would probably disappear if more complete data are available. Critics claim that this ignored the fact that analysts had already yielded such cases in the category of "information poor", while both the known and unknown " Shall be deemed sufficient information to make a determination. Also the "unknown" cases tended to represent the highest quality, the qe reports had better information and witnesses.
The result of the monumental study BMI echoed a 1979 report from France GEPAN which states that one quarter part of more than 1,600 UFO cases studied closely defied explanation, stating, in part, "These cases pose a real problem." When the successor of GEPAN SEPRA closed in 2004, 5800 cases have been analyzed, and the percentage of unexplained mysteries had fallen to around 14%. SEPRA director, Dr. Jean-Jacques Velasco, found evidence of extraterrestrial origins so convincing in these remaining unknowns, who wrote a book about him in 2005.
criticism Hynek
Hynek was an associate member of the Robertson Panel, which recommended that UFOs must unmask. A few years later, however, Hynek views about UFOs changed, and he thought it represented an unsolved mystery that deserve scientific scrutiny. As the only scientist involved in governance studies U.S. UFO from the beginning to the end, it could offer a unique perspective on the draft sign, The Grudge, and the Blue Book.
After what he described as a promising start, with the potential for scientific research, Hynek became increasingly disenchanted with the Blue Book during his tenure with the project, accusations of indifference, incompetence and poor quality of investigation by Air Force personnel. Hynek said that during its existence, critics Blue Book called "The Society for Understanding investigated."
Blue Book was led by Ruppelt, then Captain Hardin, Captain Gregory, the greatest friend, and ultimately, greater Hector Quintanilla. Hynek had kind words only for Ruppelt and Friend. In Ruppelt, wrote "In my contacts with him, I found to be honest and serious trouble the whole phenomenon. "The friend, wrote" Of all the officials who worked on Blue Book, Colonel friend earned my respect. Whatever the private views which might possess, he was a realist and practical total, and sit where I could see the scoreboard, he recognized the limitations of their office, but he behaved with dignity and a total lack of the bombast that characterized several of the other heads Blue Book. "
Quintanilla argued in terms particularly low: "The method Quintanilla was simple: ignore any evidence that went against his hypothesis." Hynek wrote that during the term Air Force Hector Quintanilla as director of Blue Book, the flag of the school makes no sense flying at its highest level in the neck. Hynek reported that Sergeant David Moody, one of the subordinates Quintanilla, pitomized the conviction before the trial method. Anything he can not understand or like it not immediately put in the psychological category, which meant rackpot.
Hynek reported bitter exchanges with Moody when he refused to research UFO sightings depth, describing Moody as a teacher as possible: Globe as possible, aircraft as possible, the birds possible, which became, by his own hand (and I discussed with him violently at times) the probable.
Project Blue Book in fiction
UFO Project
Project Blue Book was the inspiration for the TV show 19781979 UFO Project, based supposedly on Project Blue Book cases. However, the show often went against the findings of individual projects, suggesting that often several sightings were actually aliens.
Twin Peaks
Project Blue Book played an important role in the second season of the television series 19901991 Twin Peaks. Major Garland Briggs, an Air Force officer who worked on the program, the protagonist approaches reveals that Dale Cooper and Cooper's name appeared on a radio transmission intercepted otherwise meaningless by the Air Force, which inexplicably originated in the forests surrounding the town of Twin Peaks. As the season progresses, reveals that the source of transmission is the kingdom transdimensional the Black Lodge, inhabited by beings that feed on human emotions of pain and suffering ultimately it is found that Briggs worked with Cooper rival, corrupt FBI agent Windom Earle, in the Project Blue Book, and the two men apparently found evidence of the Lodge during the course of their work.
Galactica 1980
Each episode of the original spin-off Galactica Battlestar Galactica 1980 ended with a brief statement about the U.S. 1969 the Air Force conclusions of Project Blue Book UFO that has not been proven to exist and "are not a threat to national security."
References
^ "Unidentified Flying Objects and Air Force Project Blue Book" URL accessed February 21, 2010
^ Dr. Michael D. Swords, "UFOs, the military, and the Cold War era, "pages 82-121 in" UFOs and Abductions: Challenging the frontiers of knowledge, "David M. Jacobs, conductor; 2000, University Press of Kansas, ISBN 0-7006-1032-4; P103.
^ See Clark, 1998
^ Dr. Michael D. Swords, "UFOs, the Army and War Cold was, "P102
^ http://www.nicap.dabsol.co.uk/51-69.htm
Abc ^ Blum, Howard, out there: secret government Quest for Extraterrestrials, Simon and Schuster, 1990
^ Jacques Vallee, Passport to Magonia: On UFOs, folklore, and Parallel Worlds (1969)
Abcdefghijklmn ^ Jerome Clark, The UFO Book: Encyclopedia the Extraterrestrial, 1998, Detroit: Visible Ink Press, ISBN 1-57859-029-9
Abc ^ Jerome Clark, The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial, p468
^ Jerome Clark, The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial, p592
^ A b Ann Druffel, Firestorm: Dr. James E. Anti-McDonald 's for UFO Science, 2003, Press Wild Flower, ISBN 0-926524-58-5, p63
^ See also Portage County UFO Chase page for more details
^ Jerome Clark, The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial, p477
^ Jerome Clark, The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of Extraterrestrial 1998,, Detroit: Visible Ink Press, p478479, emphasis in original
^ Http: / / www.nidsci.org / pdf / quintanilla.pdf | Quintanilla, H. (1974). UFOs, an Air Force dilemma.
Ab ^ Jerome Clark, The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of Aliens, p480
^ Signature Records of the Historical Group UFO History Workshop
Ab ^ USAF Fact Sheet 95-03
^ Jenny Randles and Peter Hough, The Book Full UFOs: an Investigation into Alien Contact and Encounters; of Sterling Publishing Co, Inc, 1994, ISBN 0-8069-8132-6, p179
^ Jenny Randles and Peter Hough, The Complete Book of UFOs: an Investigation into Alien Contact and Encounters; of Sterling Publishing Co, Inc, 1994, ISBN 0-8069-8132-6, P202
^ J. Allen Hynek; UFO Experience: A scientific research, 1972; Henry Regenery Company, P180
^ J. Allen Hynek, The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry, 1972, Henry Regenery Company, P175
^ J. Allen Hynek, The UFO Experience: A scientific research, 1972; Henry Regenery Company, p187
^ J. Allen Hynek; Experience UFO: A scientific research, 1972; Henry Regenery Company, P103
External Links
United States Air Force portal
ABC's Peter Jennings reports on Blue Book and the history of UFOs in the United States
Project Blue Book Archive Online version of USAF Project Blue Book Microfilm
History Project Bluebook Facts and UFO.Whipnet.org
The report on unidentified flying objects Edward J. Ruppelt's book online
Project Blue Book at the FBI FOIA reading Project Summary room
Note Project Blue Book Archive View and record original Project Blue Book report documents the National Archives (NARA) microfilm collection.
Official U.S. Air Force file
Preceded by
Project Grudge
U.S. military research projects of the UFO phenomenon
Succeeded
–
EV
UFOs and ufology
Main areas of study
SETI extraterrestrial sightings blocks contacted Topics
Participation
Culture Government personnel Government responses Organizations UFO religion (List of UFO religions) ufologists
Categories: 1952 establishments | 1970 disestablishments | United States Air Force | Government responses to UFOs | Wright-Patterson Air Force BaseHidden categories: All articles need references | Articles with unsourced statements December 2008
Diamond DA-42 Twin Star at ILA

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